Measles: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention

Summary: Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that mainly affects the respiratory system. It causes fever, rash, and flu-like symptoms, with potential complications like pneumonia and encephalitis. Vaccination is the best way to prevent measles and protect against severe outcomes.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that has been a global health concern for centuries. According to a WHO report, despite the availability of vaccines, measles remains a leading cause of childhood mortality, as outbreaks continue to occur in regions with low immunization coverage. In this blog, we will discuss everything you need to know about measles, including its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention.

What Does Measles Mean?

According to the best pediatrician surgeon in gurgaon at Miracles Apollo Cradle, Measles, also known as rubeola, is a viral infection caused by the measles virus (MeV). It mainly affects the respiratory system and spreads easily through airborne droplets. The disease is known for its characteristic red rash, fever, and flu-like symptoms. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death.  While there is no specific measle medication, treatment focuses on managing symptoms with fever reducers, hydration, and vitamin A supplementation to prevent severe outcomes.

Which Measles is Worse?

There are two types of measles infections:

  • Classic Measles (Rubeola): This is the more severe and highly contagious form of measles caused by the Measles virus. It causes high fever, rash, and complications such as pneumonia and encephalitis.

  • German Measles (Rubella): It is caused by the Rubella virus, which is a milder form of measles. While rubella is less severe in children, it can be extremely dangerous for pregnant women, leading to birth defects.

Among the two, rubeola (classic measles) is considered more dangerous due to its higher rate of complications and severe symptoms.

Where Does Measles Come From?

Measles is triggered by the measles virus, which belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. The disease has existed for centuries, with early descriptions dating back to ancient times.

Historically, measles is believed to have originated from animal viruses that mutate to infect humans. Over time, it became a widespread disease, causing deadly outbreaks before vaccines were introduced.

Measles Signs and Symptoms

Measles symptoms appear 7-14 days after exposure and include:

  • Early Symptoms (First 2-4 Days):

  • High fever (up to 104°F)

  • Runny nose

  • Cough

  • Red, watery eyes 

  • Sensitivity to light

  • Small white spots inside the mouth 

Later Symptoms (3-5 Days After Initial Signs):

  • A red rash that begins on the face and gradually spreads downward.

  • Rash lasts about 5-7 days

  • Fever peaks when the rash appears

Can Measles Occur in Adults?

Yes, measles can affect adults, particularly those who:

  • Have never been vaccinated.

  • Have not had measles before

  • Have a weakened immune system due to underlying health conditions or treatments like chemotherapy

Measles in adults can be more severe than in children, leading to complications like pneumonia, encephalitis, and even blindness. It is crucial for adults who are at risk to get vaccinated or check their immunity levels through a blood test.

Symptoms of Measles in Adults

Adults with measles may experience more severe symptoms than children, including:

  • High fever (above 104°F)

  • Severe cough, runny nose, and red eyes

  • Widespread red rash that lasts for days

  • Intense body aches and fatigue

  • Complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, or organ damage in extreme cases

Measles can be life-threatening in adults, especially in pregnant women, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised people.

How is Measles Caused?

Measles is caused by the measles virus, which enters the body through the respiratory tract. The infection goes through the following stages:

  • Incubation Period (7-14 Days): After exposure, the virus multiplies in the respiratory system and spreads to the bloodstream. There are generally no signs or symptoms during this period.

  • Prodromal Stage (2-4 Days): The first symptoms, such as fever, cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis, appear. Tiny white spots inside the mouth may also develop.

  • Rash Phase (3-5 Days): A red rash starts from the face and spreads to the rest of the body. Fever can spike up to 104°F (40°C).

  • Recovery Phase (1-2 Weeks): The rash fades, but complications like pneumonia or brain swelling may develop in some cases.

People with weakened immune systems, malnourished children, and pregnant women are at higher risk of severe measles complications.

How Does Measles Spread?

Measles spreads via the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can remain active in the air for up to two hours, making it highly contagious.

Modes of Transmission:

  • Airborne transmission: When an infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny droplets containing the virus get released into the air.

  • Direct contact: Touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the mouth, nose, or eyes can lead to infection.

  • Person-to-person contact: Close interaction with an infected person increases the risk of transmission.

A study says that one infected person can spread measles to 9 out of 10 unvaccinated individuals in close contact.

How is Measles Diagnosed?

Measles is primarily diagnosed based on its characteristic symptoms, but laboratory tests may be required to confirm the infection, especially in cases with atypical presentations. Here are the main methods used to diagnose measles:

1. Clinical Examination:

Doctors typically diagnose measles by examining symptoms and medical history. Key signs include:

  • High fever (up to 104°F or 40°C)

  • Cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis (red, watery eyes)

  • Koplik’s spots (tiny white spots inside the mouth, appearing 2-3 days before the rash)

  • A red, patchy rash that begins on the face and gradually spreads downward.

If the symptoms strongly indicate measles, no further tests may be needed. However, for confirmation, lab tests may be performed.

2. Laboratory Tests

  • Blood Test (Serology Test): A blood sample is tested for measles-specific IgM antibodies, which usually appear within a few days after the rash develops. IgG antibody levels may also be checked to confirm past infection or immunity.

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test: This highly sensitive test detects the measles virus RNA in blood, throat swabs, or urine samples. It helps confirm active measles infection.

  • Throat or Nasal Swab Test: A sample from the throat or nasal passage is analyzed to detect the measles virus.

3. Differential Diagnosis

Since measles symptoms can resemble other viral infections like rubella, roseola, dengue, or Kawasaki disease, doctors may rule out these conditions through lab tests and clinical observation.

Treatment for Measles

There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles, but supportive care can help manage the symptoms of measles and prevent complications.

Home Care:

  • Rest and hydration: Drinking plenty of fluids helps prevent dehydration.

  • Fever management: Paracetamol or ibuprofen can be used to reduce fever.

  • Vitamin A supplementation: The WHO recommends vitamin A oral dose for measles patients to reduce severity and complications.

  • Isolation: Patients should stay home to prevent spreading the virus to others.

Hospital Treatment:

Severe cases, especially those with complications like pneumonia or encephalitis, may require hospitalization for:

  • Oxygen therapy

  • Antibiotics, if secondary bacterial infections occur

  • Intravenous fluids for dehydration

Measles Prevention

The best way to prevent measles is vaccination. The MMR vaccine provides lifelong protection and is highly effective. Other preventive measures include:

  • Maintaining good hygiene

  • Avoiding contact with infected individuals

  • Boosting immunity with a healthy diet and supplements

Why is the Measles Vaccine Given at 9 Months?

The measles vaccine is typically administered at 9 months of age as part of the MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) vaccine. The reasons for this timing include:

  • Maternal Antibodies: Infants receive some immunity from their mothers during pregnancy, but these antibodies wane after a few months. Vaccinating at 9 months ensures the child's immune system responds effectively.

  • High-Risk Age Group: Children under one year are at a high risk of severe measles complications.

  • Early Protection: Delaying vaccination increases the risk of infection, especially in outbreak-prone areas.

In some countries, a booster dose is given at 15–18 months and another at 4–6 years to ensure long-term immunity.

Conclusion:

Measles remains a serious but preventable disease. With proper vaccination and timely medical care, its impact can be significantly reduced. If your child has not been vaccinated, consult a healthcare provider to ensure protection against measles and its complications. Have questions about measles vaccination or symptoms? Consult the best pediatrician near you at Miracles Healthcare today to ensure your family's protection against this highly contagious disease.